Software engineering for embedded systems : methods, practical techniques, and applications / Robert Oshana, Mark Kraeling [editors].

Includes index.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Machine generated contents note: Software engineering -- Embedded systems -- Embedded systems are reactive systems -- Real-time systems -- Types of real-time systems -- soft and hard -- Examples of hard real-time -- Real-time event characteristics -- Efficient execution and the execution environment -- Challenges in real-time system design -- Response time -- Recovering from failures -- The embedded system software build process -- Distributed and multi-processor architectures -- Software for embedded systems -- Super loop architecture -- Hardware abstraction layers (HAL) for embedded systems -- Summary -- Today's embedded systems -- an example -- HW/SW prototyping users -- HW/SW prototyping options -- Prototyping decision criteria -- Choosing the right prototype -- Industry design chain -- The need to change the design flow -- Different types of virtual prototypes -- A brief history of virtual prototypes -- The limits of proprietary offerings -- What makes virtual prototypes fast -- Standardization: the era of SystemC TLM-2.0 -- SystemC TLM-2 abstraction levels -- Architecture virtual prototypes -- Software virtual prototypes -- Summary -- the growing importance of virtualization -- When and why should you model your embedded system? -- Modeling -- What is a modeling language? -- Examples of modeling languages -- The V diagram promise -- So, why would you want to model your embedded system? -- When should you model your embedded system? -- Mission- and safety-critical applications -- Highly complex applications and systems -- Operational complexity -- Cost of defect versus when detected -- Large development teams require modeling -- Modeling is often the only choice -- So -- modeling is great, but aren't all models wrong? -- You have your prototype -- now what? -- Conclusion -- Next steps -- try it! -- Closed-loop control with a DC motor -- Learn more about prototyping with a downloadable kit -- Designing applications with the NI Statechart Module -- Design and simulate a brushed dc motor h-bridge circuit -- Multi-domain physical modeling with open-source Modelica models -- References -- Overview of architecture and design -- Architecture is about system-wide optimization -- Three levels of design -- What are design patterns? -- Must I use object-oriented techniques to use design patterns? -- An architectural example -- Using patterns -- Making trade-off decisions -- Software architecture categories and views -- Primary architectural views -- Secondary viewpoints -- Summary -- References -- Events and triggers -- Room temperature unit -- Event system -- Event handle -- Event methods -- Event data structure -- Reentrancy -- Disable and enable interrupts -- EnterCritical and ExitCritical -- Semaphores -- Implementation with Enter/ExitCritical -- Event processing -- Integration -- Triggers -- Blinking LED -- Design idea -- Tick timer -- Trigger interface -- Trigger descriptor -- Data allocation -- SetTrigger -- IncTicks -- Making it reentrant -- Initialization -- Blink! -- Beep! -- Real-time aspects -- Summary and source code -- Introduction -- Collaborate with the hardware team -- Proactive collaboration -- Ambassadors -- Register design tools -- Co-development activities -- System integration -- Useful hardware design aspects -- Notification of hardware events -- Launching tasks in hardware -- Bit field alignment -- Fixed bit positions -- Block version number -- Debug hooks -- Supporting multiple versions of hardware -- Compile-time switches -- Build-time switches -- Run-time switches -- Self-adapting switches -- Difficult hardware interactions -- Atomic register access -- Mixed bit types in the same register -- Edge vs. level interrupts -- Testing and troubleshooting -- Temporary hooks -- Permanent hooks -- Conclusion -- Best practices -- Introduction -- Principles of high-quality programming -- What sets embedded apart from general programming -- Starting the embedded software project -- Hardware platform input -- Project files/organization -- Team programming guidelines -- Syntax standard -- Safety requirements in source code -- Variable structure -- Variable declarations -- Data types -- Definitions -- Foreground/background systems -- Real-time kernels -- RTOS (real-time operating system) -- Critical sections -- Task management -- Assigning task priorities -- Determining the size of a stack -- The idle task -- Priority levels -- The ready list -- Preemptive scheduling -- Scheduling points -- Round-robin scheduling -- Context switching -- Interrupt management -- Handling CPU interrupts -- Non-kernel-aware interrupt service routine (ISR) -- Processors with multiple interrupt priorities -- All interrupts vector to a common location -- Every interrupt vectors to a unique location -- The clock tick (or system tick) -- Wait lists -- Time management -- Resource management -- Resource management, disable/enable interrupts -- Resource management, semaphores -- Resource management, priority inversions -- Resource management, mutual-exclusion semaphores (mutex) -- Resource management, deadlocks (or deadly embrace) -- Synchronization -- Synchronization, semaphores -- Synchronization, credit tracking -- Bilateral rendez-vous -- Message passing -- Messages -- Message queues -- Flow control -- Clients and servers -- Memory management -- Summary -- Why does software reuse matter? -- What limits software reuse? -- Kinds of software reuse -- Implementing reuse by layers -- Going to the next level -- Introducing the component factory -- Factory hardware configuration -- Factory software configuration -- How the factory aids reusability -- RTOS agnosticism -- Arbitrary extensibility -- Conclusion -- References -- Example: latency vs. throughput in an eNodeB application -- Performance patterns and anti-patterns -- References -- The code optimization process -- Using the development tools -- Compiler optimization -- Basic compiler configuration -- Enabling optimizations -- Additional optimization configurations -- Using the profiler -- Background -- understanding the embedded architecture -- Resources -- Basic C optimization techniques -- Choosing the right data types -- Functions calling conventions -- Pointers and memory access -- Restrict and pointer aliasing -- Loops -- Additional tips and tricks -- General loop transformations -- Loop unrolling -- Multisampling -- Partial summation -- Software pipelining -- Example application of optimization techniques: cross-correlation -- Setup -- Original implementation -- Step 1: use intrinsics for fractional operations and specify loop counts -- Step 2: specify data alignment and modify for multisampling algorithm -- Step 3: assembly-language optimization -- Introduction -- Code size optimizations -- Compiler flags and flag mining -- Target ISA for size and performance tradeoffs -- Tuning the ABI for code size -- Caveat emptor: compiler optimization orthogonal to code size! -- Memory layout optimization -- Overview of memory optimization -- Focusing optimization efforts -- Vectorization and the dynamic code: compute ratio -- Pointer aliasing in C -- Data structures, arrays of data structures, and adding it all up! -- Loop optimizations for memory performance -- Data alignment's rippling effects -- Selecting data types for big payoffs -- Introduction -- Understanding power consumption -- Basics of power consumption -- Static vs.

dynamic power consumption -- Maximum, average, worst-case, and typical power -- Measuring power consumption -- Measuring power using an ammeter -- Me

74.08